NCSI :: Panama

61. Panama 48.05

61st	National Cyber Security Index
103rd	Global Cybersecurity Index
94th	ICT Development Index
77th	Networked Readiness Index

Population		3.8million
Area (km2)		75.4thousand
GDP per capita ($)		25.7thousand

NCSI FULFILMENT PERCENTAGE

NCSI DEVELOPMENT TIMELINE 3 years All data

RANKING TIMELINE

NCSI Update		Data source
5 Apr 2019		Public data collection
16 Oct 2018		Public data collection

Version 5 Apr 2019

GENERAL CYBER SECURITY INDICATORS

1. Cyber security policy development 1/7 14%

1
7 14%
- 1.1. Cyber security policy unit 0
  
  0
  3
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  A central government entity (ministry or equivalent) has a specialised official or unit responsible for national cyber security policy development.
  Accepted references
  Official website or legal act
  
  Evidence
- 1.2. Cyber security policy coordination format 0
  
  0
  2
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  The central government has a committee, council, working group, etc. for national-level cyber security policy coordination.
  Accepted references
  Official website or legal act
  
  Evidence
- 1.3. Cyber security strategy 1
  
  1
  1
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  The central government has established a national-level cyber security strategy or other equivalent document.
  Accepted references
  Valid official document
  
  Evidence
  
  https://www.gacetaoficial.gob.pa/pdfTemp/27289_A/GacetaNo_27289a_20130517.pdf
- 1.4. Cyber security strategy implementation plan 0
  
  0
  1
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  The central government has established an implementation plan to the national-level cyber security strategy or other equivalent document.
  Accepted references
  Valid official document or its enforcement act
  
  Evidence
2. Cyber threat analysis and information 0/5 0%

0
5 0%
- 2.1. Cyber threats analysis unit 0
  
  0
  3
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  A central government entity has a national-level unit that is specialised in national strategic cyber threat situation analysis.
  Accepted references
  Official website or legal act
  
  Evidence
- 2.2. Public cyber threat reports are published annually 0
  
  0
  1
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  The public part of the national cyber threat situation analysis is published at least once a year.
  Accepted references
  Official public report
  
  Evidence
- 2.3. Cyber safety and security website 0
  
  0
  1
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  Public authorities provide at least one cyber safety and security website for cyber security and ICT professionals, and regular users.
  Accepted references
  Website
  
  Evidence
3. Education and professional development 7/9 78%

7
9 78%
- 3.1. Cyber safety competencies in primary or secondary education 1
  
  1
  1
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  Primary or secondary education curricula include cyber safety / computer safety competences.
  Accepted references
  Official curriculum or official report
  
  Evidence
  
  http://www.educapanama.edu.pa/sites/default/files/documentos/planes-de-estudio-oficial-2018.pdf
  
  A 2018 Communiqué presents the Study plans for different High School National Programs. All of these programs deliver a subject called "Tecnología de la Información" (I.T.) in at least 10th grade.
  
  http://www.educapanama.edu.pa/sites/default/files/documentos/programas-educacion-media-academica-tecnologia-informacion-10-2013.pdf
  
  The 2014 (and still valid) version of the IT program presents five knowledge areas to be taught. Area 5 is denominated Computer Security (pages 41-42) and has the following objectives:
  
  - To manage concepts related to computer security, in order to protect the information we handle on a daily basis.
  
  - To promote and preserve the confidentiality, integrity and availability of the information systems, including hardware, software and information that they process, store and communicate, in order to safeguard the information that is produced.
- 3.2. Bachelor’s level cyber security programme 0
  
  0
  2
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  There is at least one cyber security / electronic information security focused programme at Bachelor’s or equivalent level.
  Accepted references
  Accredited study programme
  
  Evidence
- 3.3. Master’s level cyber security programme 2
  
  2
  2
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  There is at least one cyber security / electronic information security focused programme at Master’s or equivalent level.
  Accepted references
  Accredited study programme
  
  Evidence
  
  http://www.fisc.utp.ac.pa/maestria-en-seguridad-informatica
  
  https://www.uip.edu.pa/maestrias/sistemas-de-informacion/maestria-en-gerencia-de-sistemas-con-enfasis-en-seguridad-informatica/
- 3.4. PhD level cyber security programme 2
  
  2
  2
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  There is at least one cyber security / electronic information security focused programme at PhD or equivalent level.
  Accepted references
  Accredited study programme
  
  Evidence
  
  http://www.utp.ac.pa/realizan-defensa-doctoral-con-tema-sobre-estrategia-de-ciberseguridad
- 3.5. Cyber security professional association 2
  
  2
  2
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  There is a professional association of cyber/electronic information security specialists, managers or auditors.
  Accepted references
  Website
  
  Evidence
  
  http://www.isoc.org.pa/
  
  http://www.isaca.org/chapters6/Panama/Pages/default.aspx
4. Contribution to global cyber security 2/6 33%

2
6 33%
- 4.1. Convention on Cybercrime 1
  
  1
  1
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  The country has ratified the Convention on Cybercrime.
  Accepted references
  Official website of the convention
  
  Evidence
  
  https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/185/signatures?p_auth=zrS8ISMY
- 4.2. Representation in international cooperation formats 1
  
  1
  1
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  The government is regularly represented in a cooperation format that is dedicated to international cyber security (e.g. FIRST).
  Accepted references
  Official website of the cooperation format
  
  Evidence
  
  https://www.itu.int/ITU-D/cyb/publications/2012/IMPACT/IMPACT-en.pdf
  
  ITU-IMPACT (see page 6)
- 4.3. International cyber security organisation hosted by the country 0
  
  0
  3
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  A regional or international cyber security organisation is hosted by the country.
  Accepted references
  Organisation’s official website
  
  Evidence
- 4.4. Cyber security capacity building for other countries 0
  
  0
  1
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  The country has (co-)financed or (co-)organised at least one capacity building project for another country in the last 3 years.
  Accepted references
  Official website or project document
  
  Evidence

BASELINE CYBER SECURITY INDICATORS

5. Protection of digital services 3/5 60%

3
5 60%
- 5.1. Cyber security responsibility for digital service providers 0
  
  0
  1
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  According to legislation, digital service providers (except micro and small enterprises): (1) must manage cyber/ICT risks or (2) must implement established cyber/information security requirements.
  Accepted references
  Legal act
  
  Evidence
- 5.2. Cyber security standard for the public sector 0
  
  0
  1
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  Public sector digital service providers must implement (1) cyber/ICT security requirements (defined by legislation) or (2) a widely recognised security standard.
  Accepted references
  Legal act
  
  Evidence
- 5.3. Competent supervisory authority 3
  
  3
  3
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  The government has a competent authority in the field of cyber/information security that has the power to supervise public and private digital service providers regarding the implementation of cyber/information security requirements.
  Accepted references
  Official website or legal act
  
  Evidence
  
  http://www.innovacion.gob.pa/acercade
  
  Seems relevant only to public authorities.
6. Protection of essential services 0/6 0%

0
6 0%
- 6.1. Operators of essential services are identified 0
  
  0
  1
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  There is a legal act that allows to identify operators of essential services.
  Accepted references
  Legal act
  
  Evidence
- 6.2. Cyber security requirements for operators of essential services 0
  
  0
  1
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  According to the legislation, operators of essential services must manage cyber/ICT risks.
  Accepted references
  Legal act
  
  Evidence
- 6.3. Competent supervisory authority 0
  
  0
  3
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  The government has a competent authority in the field of cyber/information security that has the power to supervise operators of essential services, regarding cyber/information security requirements.
  Accepted references
  Official website or legal act
  
  Evidence
- 6.4. Regular monitoring of security measures 0
  
  0
  1
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  Operators of essential services must regularly (at least once every 3 years) provide evidence of the effective implementation of cyber/information security policies (e.g. audit result, documentation, specific report).
  Accepted references
  Legal act
  
  Evidence
7. E-identification and trust services 6/9 67%

6
9 67%
- 7.1. Unique persistent identifier 1
  
  1
  1
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  The government provides a unique persistent identifier to all citizens, residents, and legal entities. For example, the identifier remains the same after document expiration and name change.
  Accepted references
  Legal act
  
  Evidence
  
  http://clarciev.com/en/paises/panama-2/
  
  https://dgi.mef.gob.pa/Registro.html
  
  For legal persons it is the Registro Único de Contribuyente (RUC)
  
  The Unique Taxpayer Registry (RUC in Spanish), is the tax identification number of each taxpayer, created by the General Directorate of Revenues, with the purpose of establishing greater fiscal equity and more effective control of tax compliance of individuals, communities, companies, associations, groups, or entities of any kind with or without legal personality that cause or must withhold taxes due to the activities they develop.
  
  For such purposes, it will be understood that said tax identification number will be:
  
  a. For natural persons, the same number of the Personal Identity Card.
  
  b. For legal persons, the registration number in the Public Registry, Commercial Persons section.
- 7.2. Requirements for cryptosystems 0
  
  0
  1
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  Requirements for cryptosystems in the field of trust services are regulated.
  Accepted references
  Legal act
  
  Evidence
- 7.3. Electronic identification 0
  
  0
  1
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  Electronic identification is regulated.
  Accepted references
  Legal act
  
  Evidence
- 7.4. Electronic signature 1
  
  1
  1
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  E-signature is regulated
  Accepted references
  Legal act
  
  Evidence
  
  https://docs.panama.justia.com/federales/leyes/51-de-2008-jul-24-2008.pdf
  
  Law 51 of July 22nd, 2008: Which defines and regulates electronic documents and electronic signatures, and the provision of services of technological storage of documents and of certification of electronic signatures, and adopts other provisions for the development of electronic commerce
  
  https://www.firmaelectronica.gob.pa/documentos/Ley_82-Que_modifica_la_Ley_51_de_2008.pdf
  
  Law 82 of November 9th, 2012: Which grants to the Public Registry of Panama the powers of registration authority and electronic signature root certifier for the Republic of Panama, modifies the Law 51 of 2008 and adopts other provisions.
  
  http://gacetas.procuraduria-admon.gob.pa/27401_2013.pdf
  
  Executive Decree 684 of October 18th, 2013: Which regulates Law 51 of July 22nd, 2008 and Law 82 of November 9th, 2012, regarding the electronic signature. [P. 22 - 36 of the web link 3 PDF]
- 7.5. Timestamping 1
  
  1
  1
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  Timestamping is regulated.
  Accepted references
  Legal act
  
  Evidence
  
  https://www.registro-publico.gob.pa/images/stories/Ley82de2012atribucionesalRPPparaserAutoridadRegistradoraycertificadoraraiz.pdf
  
  Law 82 of November 9th, 2012 grants to the Public Registry of Panama the powers of registration authority and electronic signature root certifier for the Republic of Panama, modifies the Law 51 of 2008 and adopts other provisions.
  
  Article 2 establishes that one of the functions of the Public Registry of Panamá is to offer the service of Time Stamping.
  
  Article 7, modifies Article 2 of Law 51 by adding Subpoint 46 which defines Time Stamping.
  
  http://gacetas.procuraduria-admon.gob.pa/27401_2013.pdf
  
  Executive Decree 684 of October 18th, 2013 regulates Law 51 of July 22nd, 2008 and Law 82 of November 9th, 2012, regarding the electronic signature. [P. 22 - 36 of the PDF]
  
  Article 2, Subpoint 17 defines Time Stamping and presents its possible synonyms (i.e. sellado de tiempo, fechado electrónico, marca de hora).
  
  Article 3, Subpoint 4 establishes that the Public Registry of Panamá is authorized to offer the service of Time Stamping, among other.
- 7.6. Electronic registered delivery service 0
  
  0
  1
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  Electronic registered delivery service between state entities, citizens and private sector entities is regulated. The service provides legally binding data exchange and guarantees the confidentiality and integrity of information.
  Accepted references
  Legal act
  
  Evidence
- 7.7. Competent supervisory authority 3
  
  3
  3
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  There is an authority responsible for the supervision of qualified trust service providers.
  Accepted references
  Official website or legal act
  
  Evidence
  
  https://www.firmaelectronica.gob.pa/documentos/Ley_82-Que_modifica_la_Ley_51_de_2008.pdf
  
  Law No. 82 of November 9, 2012, which grants the Public Registry of Panama powers of registration authority and electronic signature root certifier for the Republic of Panama, modifies Law 51 of 2008 and adopts other provisions.
8. Protection of personal data 4/4 100%

4
4 100%
- 8.1. Personal data protection legislation 1
  
  1
  1
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  There is a legal act for personal data protection.
  Accepted references
  Legal act
  
  Evidence
  
  https://www.gacetaoficial.gob.pa/pdfTemp/28743_A/72148.pdf
  
  Law 81 of 2019
- 8.2. Personal data protection authority 3
  
  3
  3
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  There is an independent public supervisory authority that is responsible for personal data protection.
  Accepted references
  Official website or legal act
  
  Evidence
  
  https://www.gacetaoficial.gob.pa/pdfTemp/28743_A/72148.pdf
  
  National Authority for Transparency and Access to Information & National Authority for Government Innovation
  
  Law 81 of 2019
  
  Article 7
  
  http://www.antai.gob.pa/funciones/
  
  ANTAI functions include:
  "Ensure the proper reservation and protection of data and information held by the State that according to the Constitution and the Law of Transparency have the nature of confidential information and restricted access information and personal data."

INCIDENT AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT INDICATORS

9. Cyber incidents response 3/6 50%

3
6 50%
- 9.1. Cyber incidents response unit 3
  
  3
  3
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  The government has a unit (CSIRT, CERT, CIRT, etc.) that is specialised in national-level cyber incident detection and response.
  Accepted references
  Official website or legal act
  
  Evidence
  
  https://cert.pa/sobre-nosotros/
  
  https://cert.pa/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Decreto-Ejecutivo-no-709.pdf
  
  Executive Decree: Creation of CSIRT Panama
- 9.2. Reporting responsibility 0
  
  0
  1
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  Digital service providers and operators of essential services have an obligation to notify appointed government authorities of cyber security incidents.
  Accepted references
  Legal act
  
  Evidence
- 9.3. Single point of contact for international coordination 0
  
  0
  2
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  The government has designated a single point of contact for international cyber security coordination.
  Accepted references
  Official website or legal act
  
  Evidence
10. Cyber crisis management 1/5 20%

1
5 20%
- 10.1. Cyber crisis management plan 0
  
  0
  1
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  The government has established a crisis management plan for large-scale cyber incidents.
  Accepted references
  Legal act
  
  Evidence
- 10.2. National-level cyber crisis management exercise 0
  
  0
  2
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  The government has conducted a national-level cyber crisis management exercise or a crisis management exercise with a cyber component in the last 3 years.
  Accepted references
  Exercise document/website or press release
  
  Evidence
- 10.3. Participation in international cyber crisis exercises 1
  
  1
  1
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  The country's team has participated in an international cyber crisis management exercise in the last 3 years.
  Accepted references
  Exercise document/website or press release
  
  Evidence
  
  https://www.incibe-cert.es/en/international-cyberex-previous-editions
  
  CyberEx 2017
- 10.4. Operational support of volunteers in cyber crises 0
  
  0
  1
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  The procedures for using volunteers in the field of cyber security are established by legislation.
  Accepted references
  Legal act
  
  Evidence
11. Fight against cybercrime 9/9 100%

9
9 100%
- 11.1. Cybercrimes are criminalised 1
  
  1
  1
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  Cybercrimes are defined by legislation.
  Accepted references
  Legal act
  
  Evidence
  
  http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/es/text.jsp?file_id=189273#LinkTarget_964
  
  Title VIII
  
  Crimes against the Legal Security of Electronic Media
  
  Chapter I
  
  Crimes against Computer Security
  
  Article 285. Whoever improperly enters or uses a database, network or computer system will be sanctioned with two to four years of prison.
  
  Article 286. Anyone who improperly seizes, copies, uses or modifies the data in transit or contained in a database or computer system, or interferes, intercepts, hinders or prevents their transmission will be sanctioned with two to four years in prison.
  
  See also Art 162a, 165, 180, 220, 237, 260, 421.
- 11.2. Cybercrime unit 3
  
  3
  3
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  There is a government entity with a specific function of combatting cybercrime.
  Accepted references
  Official website or legal act
  
  Evidence
  
  https://www.coe.int/en/web/octopus/country-wiki/-/asset_publisher/hFPA5fbKjyCJ/content/panama/
  
  "There are two agencies responsible for the coordination and judicial investigation of cyber crime. These agencies are the Deputy Prosecutor for Crimes against Intellectual Property and Information Security of the Attorney General's Office conformed by the Public Prosecutor (Ministerio Público) and the Directorate for Judicial Investigation of the National Police. A specialized investigating unit on computer crime was recently created within the Directorate for Judicial Investigation and it is under current development. Such specialized investigating unit will provide capacity and training to conduct investigations and digital forensics activities."
- 11.3. Digital forensics unit 3
  
  3
  3
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  There is a government entity with a specific function of digital forensics.
  Accepted references
  Official website or legal act
  
  Evidence
  
  http://www.imelcf.gob.pa/
- 11.4. 24/7 contact point for international cybercrime 2
  
  2
  2
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  The government has designated an international 24/7 contact point for cybercrimes.
  Accepted references
  Official website or legal act
  
  Evidence
  
  https://rm.coe.int/16804b3493
  
  Judicial Investigation Unit, National Central Bureau of Interpol
12. Military cyber operations 1/6 17%

1
6 17%
- 12.1. Cyber operations unit 0
  
  0
  3
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  Military forces have a unit (cyber command, etc.) that is specialised in planning and conducting cyber operations.
  Accepted references
  Official website or legal act
  
  Evidence
- 12.2. Cyber operations exercise 0
  
  0
  2
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  Military forces have conducted a cyber operations exercise or an exercise with a cyber operations component in the country in the last 3 years.
  Accepted references
  Exercise document/website or press release
  
  Evidence
- 12.3. Participation in international cyber exercises 1
  
  1
  1
  
  Requirements
  
  Criteria
  The country's military team has participated in an international cyber operations exercise in the last 3 years.
  Accepted references
  Exercise document/website or press release
  
  Evidence
  
  http://www.southcom.mil/Media/Special-Coverage/PANAMAX-2018/
  
  Panamax 2018 Information

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The information provided on the NCSI website is based on publicly available evidence materials. The appearance in the index and subsequent ranking is commensurate to the existence and public availability of such information. The NCSI links to third party websites and information. The NCSI and eGA are not responsible for the accuracy or completeness of third party website information.

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CONTRIBUTORS

Silvia Batista
CSIRT PANAMÁ

Radu Serrano
Project Manager at eGA

61. Panama 48.05

NCSI FULFILMENT PERCENTAGE

NCSI DEVELOPMENT TIMELINE 3 years All data

RANKING TIMELINE

Version 5 Apr 2019 Choose a version 5 Apr 2019 16 Oct 2018 14 Jun 2018 8 Mar 2018

GENERAL CYBER SECURITY INDICATORS

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BASELINE CYBER SECURITY INDICATORS

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INCIDENT AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT INDICATORS

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Version 5 Apr 2019